Venom's Edge: Balancing Peril and Promise in Snake Venom Biology

According to the WHO, an estimated 5.4 million individuals are bitten by snakes annually, leading to an estimated 1.8 to 2.7 million cases of envenomations. Snake venom comprises a sophisticated blend of proteins, peptides, enzymes, and bioactive molecules, showcasing a complex structural organization and diversity. Based on their composition and mode of action, snake venoms are classified as neurotoxic, haematotoxic, cytotoxic, and myotoxic. The diversity of venoms across snake species is a result of evolutionary adaptations, leading to a wide range of toxic effects on prey and predators. In addition to their toxic properties, snake venom-derived compounds show medicinal activities such as anticancer, antimicrobial, analgesic, and anticoagulant activities. This review explores the multifaceted nature of snake venoms, highlighting their diverse composition, the intricate modes of action of their components, and potential therapeutic applications of the venoms.