Indigenous Agroforestry Practices for Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation in Ethiopia: A Review

Agroforestry practices play a crucial role in mitigating and adapting to climate change. This review assesses the impact of Ethiopia's indigenous agroforestry practices on climate change adaptation and mitigation, based on peer-reviewed research, books, and articles. The findings indicate that land degradation threatens agricultural productivity and rural livelihoods, exacerbated by climate change effects such as moisture stress, floods, and erratic rainfall. These factors contribute to food insecurity and reduced crop yields. Indigenous agroforestry has emerged as a key strategy for farmers to cope with climate change, offering multiple benefits such as wood, animal feed, and vital ecosystem services. It also reduces pressure on native tree species, promoting biodiversity conservation. The presence of perennial trees in agroforestry enhances carbon sequestration more effectively than conventional land use systems. Additionally, agroforestry contributes to soil and water conservation by improving soil organic matter, reducing erosion, and controlling runoff through mulching and biomass integration. To maximize agroforestry's benefits, it is essential to understand tree species' functional roles, including fodder, firewood, and fiber, food, and fertilizer production. Strengthening carbon finance, advancing research, training farmers, and addressing policy and infrastructure challenges are crucial for promoting agroforestry adoption. By implementing these measures, agroforestry can significantly support sustainable livelihoods, enhance climate resilience, and contribute to environmental conservation.